Baking and dough handling

Egocentric Baking and Dough Handling Video Data

Knead, roll flat, measure and mix: working dough and batter is a run of ordered steps on a material that never holds one shape, worked with both hands at a counter. We collect custom egocentric video of baking and dough handling tasks on demand, to a written skill spec, with synchronized streams, action segments, anonymization and a buyer-owned license.
Tasks
Knead and roll dough, measure and mix a batter, as the catalog lists them
Streams
Ten, synced under 2 ms
First batch
Median 48 h in deep-coverage settings
License
Perpetual, buyer-owned
A real lived-in domestic kitchen with everyday clutter on the countertops, seen from the first-person viewpoint of someone preparing food.
A counter-top food-prep setting, shown to illustrate the view a robot working at a counter would have. The catalog lists its dough and batter rows in a Working Kitchen Set described as a stovetop, counter, sink, dishwasher, utensils and food props, and the site does not describe a bakery for any row.

Requirements

What does dough handling need that a generic cooking clip does not?

01

Both hands and the dough in view together

Kneading, rolling flat, measuring and mixing each put the material in the hands and the work surface under them. First-person capture keeps both hands and the dough in frame, and the two wrist cameras add a closer view of the hands than the head camera alone. 3D hand pose carries a per-joint visibility flag, so a finger hidden under or inside the dough is flagged rather than guessed.

02

A spec that names the step and the item, not just "baking"

The site’s skill-spec guide says to name the verb and the noun rather than a broad activity. A spec for this family names the step and the item, such as knead dough, roll dough flat, measure ingredients or mix a batter, and where one completed step starts and ends, so each can become its own labeled segment.

03

Soft material that changes shape between frames

The kitchen dataset page lists "Bimanual dough handling" as a skill, and the cooking page says dough changes shape as it is handled and does not track well with masks propagated frame to frame. Instance masks are therefore shipped per frame, and the spec decides where masks are called for.

04

Reject rules written before capture, not after

An item is rejected when the manipulated object is out of frame for too much of the episode, when depth is invalid over too much of the manipulation region, or when an undocumented bystander appears. The thresholds are agreed in the spec, so the batch is judged against terms you signed.

Definition

What is egocentric baking and dough handling video data?

Egocentric baking and dough handling video data is first-person video of a person kneading dough, rolling it flat, measuring ingredients and mixing a batter, recorded from the contributor’s own point of view with synchronized sensor streams alongside. The camera sits on the head, close to what a robot’s onboard camera would see at a counter, so the frames show the dough under the hands, the dough being rolled flat and the batter being mixed, rather than a distant view of someone in a kitchen. On this site it is a custom collection: you name the task, the setting and the capture tier, and capture is run to a written skill spec.

The data is human capture. A paid, consented contributor wears the rig and does the task. It is not robot or teleoperation data, and it is not a fixed corpus you download. This page covers a different subject from egocentric cooking video data, which spans two-handed food preparation as a whole, from egocentric cutting and food prep data, which centres on knife work, from egocentric container opening data, which centres on jars and packaging, and from egocentric deformable object data, which covers soft shape-changing items in general. The subject here is the dough and the batter: kneading, rolling flat, measuring and mixing.

People reach this topic through close cousins: baking robot training data, a dough handling video dataset, egocentric kneading and shaping data, or custom baking data collection. They describe one request from different angles, and the work is the same: write down the task, collect it on demand, and receive validated episodes. A note on wording: the catalog rows say knead, roll flat, measure and mix, and no row uses the word shaping, so this page claims no shaping task beyond rolling dough flat. Nothing here states that the video carries a dough-type, dough-state, recipe, oven or temperature label, or a force or tactile reading.

Why it matters

Why do robots need first-person video of baking and dough handling?

A published robot foundation model paper, GR00T N1, linked in the sources below, describes a data pyramid with web data and human video at the base, synthetic data in the middle and real robot trajectories at the top. First-person human video of baking and dough handling sits in that base layer. Human capture does not replace robot data, and this page does not claim that it does.

Dough is a hard case for reasons the site already states. The egocentric kitchen video dataset page lists "Bimanual dough handling" among its skills and describes it as deformable-object manipulation and two-handed coordination. The cooking page adds that dough and produce change shape as they are handled and do not track well with masks propagated frame to frame, so they ship per-frame instance masks. Order matters as well. The catalog describes one row as kneading dough and rolling it flat and another as measuring ingredients and mixing a batter, so a clip that shows a bowl somewhere in frame does not carry what a policy needs. The hands, the dough and the work surface have to be present, and the episode has to say where one step ends and the next begins.

The same kitchen dataset page describes domestic kitchens as "the densest manipulation environment we capture, and the one with the most contact events per minute." That sentence is about kitchens in general, and the site does not say how many of those contact events come from dough. A published model write-up, GEN-0, also linked in the sources, puts it this way: "data quality and diversity matters more than sheer volume." For baking that points at the spread of tasks, settings and people. A custom collection lets you aim at the step your model is missing, such as kneading or mixing, rather than hoping a broad collection happens to contain it.

A published kitchen video dataset, EPIC-KITCHENS-100, is described in its paper as 100 hours of unscripted activity in 45 environments recorded with head-mounted cameras. It is a useful reference for what first-person kitchen video looks like in the public literature. This page does not claim that it lacks dough handling, and it does not state what share of it, if any, shows baking.

Baking and dough tasks

Which baking and dough tasks can be captured?

The first table below reproduces five rows of the site’s commercial task catalog for the Working Kitchen Set (food prep), the setting described with the examples stovetop, counter, sink, dishwasher, utensils and food props. Two rows name dough or batter directly. "Knead + roll dough" reads "Knead dough and roll it flat." and "Measure + mix" reads "Measure ingredients and mix a batter." Both are medium rows, captured with a multiview rig and handheld grippers, and both are available on request. The other three are neighbouring kitchen rows from the same set: "Crack + whisk eggs", "Slice + spread", which slices bread and spreads a condiment, and "Stir + flip on stovetop".

The catalog does not list oven work, proofing, portioning dough, shaping loaves or pastries, loading or unloading trays or ovens, or decorating and icing as tasks, so this page does not describe them as available. If your model needs one of them, it is settled in a Spec Pilot rather than assumed. The site does not name a dough type, a recipe, a batter, an ingredient quantity, a tool, a bowl size or an oven for any row.

Two other catalog environments mention baking-adjacent places only as examples. The Restaurant & Commercial Kitchen environment lists "artisan bakery, patisserie" among its examples, and the fast food environment lists a pizza counter. None of the rows under them names baking: the commercial kitchen rows cover food prep, line cooking, knife work, portioning and packaging, dishwashing, cleaning, trash removal and line setup. This page therefore makes no claim that episodes are recorded in a bakery, a patisserie or a pizza counter.

The site names no bakery, brand or property for these rows, and it lists capture at your own facility as not offered. The sample data outputs page also includes a ten-second US home-baking recording, covered below, but the site does not say which baking step it shows. The environment names are the catalog’s own, and which of them applies to your program is set in the spec.

Episodes

What does each baking episode contain?

Each attempt is delivered as one episode, and a baking task needs a decision up front about what one attempt is: one knead, one dough rolled flat, one measured and mixed batter, or a longer run that strings several steps together. The site does not set that length, so the skill spec does. Inside the episode, the synchronized streams run from start to end, and action segments divide it into labeled spans.

A dough episode might open with the dough on the surface and close when it has been rolled flat, and a batter episode might run from measuring the first ingredient to the end of mixing, as the catalog rows describe. These are illustrations of how a spec can cut an episode, not stated durations. Whether kneading and rolling flat are one episode or two, and whether measuring is part of the mixing episode or its own, are spec decisions.

The setting behind these rows is the Working Kitchen Set, captured with a multiview rig and handheld grippers according to the catalog. How many tasks, people, kitchens and conditions you want covered is set in the spec, along with whether you want a few long runs or many short ones.

Capture setup

What capture setup and streams are used?

A baking collection uses the same capture stack as every Firsthand program. The instrumented tier is a head-mounted stereo rig that records first-person RGB, with a metric depth stream recovered from the calibrated stereo rig rather than from a standalone depth sensor, and 6-DoF IMU data at 200 Hz from head- and wrist-mounted sensors. The wider stack is ten streams: a 4K head camera, two wrist cameras, depth, IMU, 3D hand and body pose, instance segmentation and action labels, hardware-aligned under 2 ms. The two wrist cameras give a closer view of the hands than the head camera alone, which matters where both hands work the same piece of dough.

Every stream is hardware-triggered onto one PTP clock domain, so depth, motion and hand pose line up with the same video frame rather than being approximated afterwards. The rig is calibrated twice per session, before capture starts and after it ends, and an episode is accepted only if RMS reprojection stays under 0.28 px. The catalog lists the same capture setup for all five rows in the first table, a multiview rig with handheld grippers, and the site does not explain the grippers further. Which tier applies to your program is set in the skill spec.

The sample data outputs page shows the delivered shape of this stack on a baking recording: a ten-second home-baking clip filmed in the US, with the IMU rows for the same ten seconds. Faces are blurred and the web clip is downscaled to 1080 × 1080, while the delivered files are the full 4608 × 4608 frame. The site does not say which baking step that clip shows, so treat it as a reference for the file format, not a claim about a task. The site states no camera count or frame rate specific to dough tasks. Force and tactile readings are not among the streams, nothing measures how firm a dough is, and no robot or teleoperation data is captured.

Labels

How is baking data labeled and delivered?

Inside each episode, action segments divide the recording into start- and end-timestamped spans, each carrying start_ns, end_ns, verb and noun. For this task family a segment can be one step as written in the skill spec, so a batter becomes a run of labeled steps such as measure and mix rather than one long clip. The other standard fields are hand_joints and hand_visible for 3D hand pose, contact_events for the moment the hand meets an object, objects, and instance_masks, stored at the depth resolution of 848×480 so they line up with the depth stream.

Hand pose is delivered for both hands with a per-joint visibility flag for occluded fingers. That is the label that carries how the hands press, fold, roll and stir. The site describes contact events as the moment the hand meets an item, and it does not say whether dough, a bowl or the work surface counts as the item, so the spec is the place to settle what a contact event means for your task.

The site does not list labels for the dough or the batter itself. There is no stated label for dough type, dough state or consistency, proofing, ingredient or quantity, recipe step, oven setting or temperature, or a task-completion score, and no contact force reading. Catalog descriptions such as kneading dough and mixing a batter describe the task the contributor performs, not a delivered measurement.

Stated limits

What does the site state about the hard parts of recording dough?

Several limits the site already states apply directly to dough and batter capture, and several it leaves open. Each stated limit below appears elsewhere on the site rather than being introduced here.

Hand occlusion is the first. Fingers disappear behind objects in manipulation, which is why 3D hand pose carries a per-joint visibility flag, and dough is worked under and between the hands. Masks are the second. The cooking page says dough and produce change shape and do not track well with masks propagated frame to frame, so per-frame instance masks are shipped for them. Depth is the third. The site says depth degrades on wet and reflective surfaces and handles that with per-frame confidence maps, and the kitchen dataset page adds that steam events are labelled as an episode-level flag because they wreck depth for 2 to 6 seconds at a time. The site does not say how depth behaves on dough, on a bowl of batter or on a particular work surface, and it does not say that any dough row involves steam.

The fourth is the set of machine-checked reject criteria. An episode is rejected for a sync breach beyond the ceiling for more than three consecutive frames, calibration drift beyond tolerance, the manipulated object out of frame for more than 15 percent of the episode, more than 35 percent invalid depth pixels in the manipulation region, an undocumented bystander, or a mismatch against the named skill spec. A human reviewer then checks each episode against the task spec. Kneading keeps the hands close to the work, so what counts as the manipulated object, the dough, the bowl or the batter, is worth settling in the spec.

Also not stated: a mask accuracy figure for dough edges, and any description of how a kneaded dough, a rolled sheet or a mixed batter is judged finished. If your policy depends on either, say so at the start.

QA, consent and safety

How do QA, consent, safety and anonymization apply?

Validation runs against signed accept criteria written into the spec before capture. Each batch goes through per-batch QA and a reject log ships with it. Only footage that clears the criteria is billed as a validated hour, and rejected items are recaptured at our cost. Many teams start with a Spec Pilot, a small, fast first batch that proves the spec and the accept criteria on real footage before volume scales.

Every contributor signs a written release before capture, and each delivered episode links to that record through consent artefact IDs in the batch data card. The consent chain has six checkpoints, from before capture to after delivery, and a break at any one discards the footage rather than shipping it at a lower grade. At ingest, automated detection finds faces, plates and screens and blurs them irreversibly, and speech is scrubbed of names, addresses and card numbers while ambient audio is kept. A human reviewer confirms that no un-consented person is identifiable in any frame, and footage that cannot be de-identified is discarded. The anonymization record is delivered with the data.

On safety and qualification, the site states no food-safety or hygiene protocol, no allergen guidance and no baking or food-handling certification for any dough row, and this page does not describe one. If your program needs terms about who performs the work, the ingredients used or the conditions under which it is done, raise them when you scope it. None of this is legal advice, and the executed agreement controls.

Delivery and speed

How fast can a custom baking dataset be collected?

From signed spec to first validated batch, the timeline is a median of 48 hours where coverage is deep and three to four weeks where it is thin and contributors need to be recruited first. Speed comes from a warm pipeline, not from cutting consent, review or anonymization. The site does not say whether the Working Kitchen Set counts as deep or thin coverage, so ask which timeline applies to the setting you want when you request the quote. After the first batch, on-demand top-ups run against the same accept criteria, so you can add more tasks, people or conditions without rewriting the spec. The site does not state a turnaround for those later batches, so plan them in your quote.

Delivery is in the format your stack already reads: RLDS, LeRobot, WebDataset, HDF5, zarr or Rerun .rrd, or raw streams with metadata. Readable converter source ships alongside the data so the schema can be retargeted to your own loader. Collections are billed per validated hour.

The license is perpetual, irrevocable and worldwide, with the data buyer-owned and non-exclusive by default. Training, evaluating, fine-tuning and deploying models, including commercial ones, is permitted, and exclusivity is available as a separate term. The executed agreement controls. The site does not publish a price list, a minimum order or a batch size for this task family, so those are set in your quote.

Not stated

What does a baking collection not include?

Where this site does not state something, this page says "not stated" rather than filling the gap. The table below separates what is delivered from what is not stated. There is no listed label for dough type, dough state, ingredient, recipe or oven, no force or tactile stream, no temperature data, and no bakery or commercial-kitchen claim beyond the catalog rows and examples quoted above. Nothing here claims a training outcome or a model improvement.

The tradeoff to plan for is the embodiment gap between a human pair of hands working dough and a robot platform doing the same, which retargeting or pairing with robot data has to close. Counts of contributors, hours and tasks are set in your skill spec.

Getting started

How do you start a baking pilot?

Describe the steps, the setting and the variation or failure cases your pipeline is missing. That becomes a written skill spec, quoted for reach, timeline and price before any capture begins, and most programs run a Spec Pilot first. The scoping checklist below maps the parts of a skill spec onto a baking request. A published home-baking sample recording is on the sample data outputs page if you want to see the streams before you write a spec.

Three choices matter most for this family. Name the step and the item rather than a broad activity, because that is what lets each step become one action segment. Name the setting and the capture tier, since the catalog lists the Working Kitchen Set rows with a multiview rig and handheld grippers. And name where the episode starts and stops: one knead, one rolled sheet, one mixed batter or a longer run, since the site does not set an episode length.

Capture setup

What is the capture setup for a baking and dough collection?

The capture setup as stated on this site, applied to baking and dough handling. Counts of contributors and hours are set in the skill spec.
PartAs stated on this site
Instrumented rigHead-mounted stereo rig worn by the contributor; first-person RGB
StreamsTen: 4K head camera, two wrist cameras, depth, IMU, 3D hand and body pose, instance segmentation, action labels
SyncHardware-triggered onto one PTP clock domain; aligned under 2 ms
DepthMetric depth recovered from the calibrated stereo rig; per-frame confidence maps are shipped; degrades on wet and reflective surfaces
IMU6-DoF at 200 Hz from head- and wrist-mounted sensors
CalibrationTwice per session; accepted only under the 0.28 px RMS reprojection gate
MasksPer-frame instance masks where the spec calls for them, stored at 848×480; shipped per frame, not propagated, for dough and produce
Catalog capture setupMultiview rig with handheld grippers for the Working Kitchen Set rows

Every collection runs through the same seven-stage end-to-end custom collection pipeline.

Working Kitchen Set rows

Which dough, batter and neighbouring kitchen tasks does the catalog name, and what is captured?

Five rows from the Working Kitchen Set (food prep), reproduced as the catalog states them. The set is described with the examples stovetop, counter, sink, dishwasher, utensils and food props. Only the first two rows name dough or batter.
Task (as listed)Description (as listed)EnvironmentSkill levelCapture setupStatus
Knead + roll doughKnead dough and roll it flat.Working Kitchen Set (food prep)MediumMultiview rig + handheld grippersAvailable on request
Measure + mixMeasure ingredients and mix a batter.Working Kitchen Set (food prep)MediumMultiview rig + handheld grippersAvailable on request
Crack + whisk eggsCrack eggs and whisk, then pour to pan.Working Kitchen Set (food prep)MediumMultiview rig + handheld grippersAvailable on request
Slice + spreadSlice bread and spread a condiment.Working Kitchen Set (food prep)MediumMultiview rig + handheld grippersAvailable on request
Stir + flip on stovetopStir a pan and flip contents.Working Kitchen Set (food prep)MediumMultiview rig + handheld grippersAvailable on request

Where baking is named

Where does the site name baking and dough handling, and in what words?

Each statement is quoted or closely paraphrased from a page on this site. Several rows record what is not stated.
WhereWording on the siteWhat it tells you
Commercial task catalog: Working Kitchen Set"Knead + roll dough": "Knead dough and roll it flat."; "Measure + mix": "Measure ingredients and mix a batter."Two medium rows, available on request; no dough type or recipe named
Egocentric kitchen video dataset pageSkill "Bimanual dough handling": "Deformable-object manipulation, two-handed coordination"Dough handling is a stated dataset skill; this page covers the custom collection
Egocentric cooking video data pageDough and produce change shape as they are handled, so they ship per-frame instance masks rather than propagated onesWhy masks are per frame for dough
Sample data outputs page"Ten seconds of a home-baking recording, filmed in the US."A real baking clip with IMU rows; the baking step it shows is not stated
Commercial task catalog: Restaurant & Commercial KitchenExamples include "artisan bakery, patisserie"; the rows cover food prep, line cooking, knife work, portioning, dishwashing, cleaning and line setupExamples only; no row names baking
Egocentric cutting and food prep pageKnife work and food preparationThe neighbour; kneading and mixing are not its subject
Oven, proofing, portioning dough, shaping, loading trays or ovens, decorating or icingNot stated as tasksSettled in a Spec Pilot; not claimed here
Dough type, recipe, ingredient quantities, oven or temperature, bakery or kitchen facilityNot statedSettled in the skill spec; not claimed here

Streams and labels

Which streams and labels are delivered for baking work, and which are not stated?

Delivered items are stated elsewhere on this site. Items marked not stated are not promised on this page.
Stream or labelWhat it gives a baking episodeStatus
Head and wrist camerasFirst-person view of the task plus a closer view of the handsDelivered
Depth with confidence mapsDough and counter geometry, with a confidence map to mask low-confidence regionsDelivered
6-DoF IMU at 200 HzHead and wrist motion aligned to the video frameDelivered
3D hand and body pose, with per-joint visibility flags for the handsBoth hands across the step; occluded fingers flaggedDelivered
Contact eventsThe moment the hand meets an itemDelivered
Action segments (start_ns, end_ns, verb, noun)One labeled span per stepDelivered
Per-frame instance masks (848×480)Masks where the spec calls for them; shipped per frame for dough and produceDelivered where specified
Consent artefact IDs and anonymization recordProvenance per episodeDelivered
Dough type, dough state or consistency, proofingNot listedNot stated
Ingredient, quantity or recipe stepNot listedNot stated
Oven setting or temperature dataNot among the listed streamsNot stated
Contact force or tactile readingsNot among the listed streamsNot stated
Task-completion scoreNot listedNot stated
Food-safety, hygiene or certification claimNot among the listed streamsNot stated
Robot or teleoperation dataHuman first-person demonstrations onlyNot captured
Counts of contributors, hours and tasksSet per program in the skill specNot stated

Delivery formats

Which delivery formats are offered for a baking dataset?

The formats the site lists for delivery, each with its official reference. A format is chosen per program.
FormatWhat it isOfficial reference
RLDSEpisode format for reinforcement-learning datasetsgithub.com/google-research/rlds
LeRobotDataset format and tooling from Hugging Facegithub.com/huggingface/lerobot
WebDatasetTar-shard format for streaming training datagithub.com/webdataset/webdataset
HDF5Hierarchical array formathdfgroup.org/solutions/hdf5
ZarrChunked array formatzarr.dev
Rerun .rrdRecording format for the Rerun viewerrerun.io/docs
Raw streams with metadataPer-stream files plus metadata; readable converter source ships alongsideNot a third-party format

Scoping checklist

What does a baking request put into each part of a skill spec?

The parts of a skill spec as the site’s guide describes them, applied to a baking request. The catalog wording is quoted where it helps; your own fields and numbers are agreed with you.
Skill-spec partWhat to name for a baking requestDrawn from what the site states
Named skillThe verb and the noun: knead dough, roll dough flat, measure ingredients or mix a batter, not "baking"Catalog wording such as "Knead dough and roll it flat." and "Measure ingredients and mix a batter."
Geometry that must be visibleWhat must be in frame and for how long: both hands, the dough or batter, the work surfaceSet in the skill spec
Condition budget in hoursHours per condition cell, including tasks, people, settings and failure casesSet per program in the skill spec
Reject ruleThe conditions that fail an item, written firstObject out of frame for more than 15 percent of the episode; more than 35 percent invalid depth pixels in the manipulation region; an undocumented bystander
Acceptance testOne test that decides whether an attempt counts as completeYour acceptance test is agreed in the spec
Setting and capture tierThe Working Kitchen Set and a multiview rig with handheld grippers, or another tier you agreeThe catalog lists a capture setup per row
Episode boundaryOne knead, one rolled sheet, one mixed batter or a longer runSet in the skill spec; the site does not state an episode length
Participants and lightingHandedness, technique and pace; daylight or low light; whether anyone else is in the sceneSet per program in the skill spec

FAQ

Egocentric baking and dough handling video data, answered.

What is egocentric baking and dough handling video data?
Custom first-person video of people kneading dough, rolling it flat, measuring ingredients and mixing a batter, captured by paid, consented contributors wearing a capture rig and doing the tasks in a written skill spec, with synchronized streams, hand pose, contact events and action segments.
Does Firsthand capture kneading, rolling dough and mixing batter?
The task catalog lists "Knead + roll dough" ("Knead dough and roll it flat.") and "Measure + mix" ("Measure ingredients and mix a batter.") as medium, available-on-request rows in the Working Kitchen Set. The kitchen dataset page also lists "Bimanual dough handling" as a skill, and the sample data outputs page includes a ten-second home-baking recording.
Can you capture in a bakery or patisserie?
The catalog lists "artisan bakery, patisserie" among the examples of its Restaurant & Commercial Kitchen environment, but no row there names baking, and the site names no bakery or facility. Capture at your own facility is listed as not offered. Which setting applies is settled in the skill spec and a Spec Pilot.
What streams and labels come with a baking episode?
Ten hardware-synchronized streams, including head and wrist cameras, depth with confidence maps, IMU, 3D hand and body pose and instance segmentation, plus action segments with start_ns, end_ns, verb and noun, and contact events. There is no stated dough-type, dough-state, ingredient, oven or temperature label.
Why are dough masks shipped per frame?
The site says dough and produce change shape as they are handled and do not track well with masks propagated frame to frame, so per-frame instance masks are shipped for them, stored at 848×480 to line up with the depth stream. Where masks are called for is set in the spec.
How fast can a custom baking dataset be collected?
From signed spec to first validated batch, a median of 48 hours where coverage is deep and three to four weeks where it is thin. The site does not say which timeline applies to the Working Kitchen Set, so ask when you request the quote.
Is the footage anonymized and consented?
Every contributor signs a written release, and each episode links to it by consent artefact ID. Faces, plates and screens are blurred irreversibly, speech is scrubbed of names, addresses and card numbers, and footage that cannot be de-identified is discarded.
Which formats are delivered, and who owns the data?
RLDS, LeRobot, WebDataset, HDF5, zarr or Rerun .rrd, or raw streams with metadata. The license is perpetual, irrevocable and worldwide, buyer-owned and non-exclusive by default, with exclusivity available as a separate term.

Sources

Where are these baking capture claims documented?

Request a custom baking dataset.

Tell us the steps, the setting and the variation your model needs to see. We will quote reach, timeline and price against a written spec, with a first validated batch in a median of 48 hours where coverage is deep.